LM-1 Regulatory Framework for Supervision of Liquidity Risk

SPM-SGL Email: [PROMPT_TEST:management-summary-v1] LM-1 Regulatory Framework for Supervision of Liquidity Risk

Document Information

Title: LM-1 Regulatory Framework for Supervision of Liquidity Risk

Type: SPM-SGL

URL: https://brdr.hkma.gov.hk/eng/doc-ldg/spm/current/LM-1

Email Received: 2026-03-04 11:12

Summary Created: 2026-03-04 11:13

English Summary (10231 chars)
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Management Summary

Purpose / Background:
This document (LM-1 V.5) updates the HKMA's regulatory framework for supervising liquidity risk in Authorized Institutions (AIs). It provides guidance on the application of the Banking (Liquidity) Rules (BLR) and outlines the HKMA's supervisory approach. This version supersedes LM-1 V.4 dated 13.12.2024.

One-line conclusion (what changed / what needs to be done):
This update refines the regulatory framework for liquidity risk supervision, incorporating specific guidance on assets like cryptoassets and detailed requirements for liquidity ratios, impacting all Authorized Institutions. AIs must ensure compliance with updated definitions, calculation methods, and reporting obligations, with a particular focus on the implications of cryptoasset treatment.

Key Changes (3-8 bullets):

  • Updated guidance on the treatment of cryptoasset exposures under LCR, LMR, NSFR, and CFR.
  • Refined definitions and application of "free from encumbrances" for assets under LCR, LMR, and NSFR.
  • Detailed requirements for the recognition of Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) as Level 2B assets under LCR and liquefiable assets under LMR, requiring explicit MA approval.
  • Clarified implementation of liquidity ratios on Hong Kong office, unconsolidated, and consolidated bases, including special tailored bases.
  • Updated notification requirements for liquidity events and supervisory responses.
  • Emphasized the need for AIs to set and maintain internal liquidity targets with a sufficient buffer above regulatory minimums.

Key Dates / Deadlines:
The document is effective from 19.12.2025. Specific ratio requirements (LCR, LMR, NSFR, CFR) have historical implementation dates (e.g., LCR from 2015, NSFR from 2018), and the CFR has phased-in minimums (50% from 2018, 75% from 2019).

Applicability / Impact scope:
Applies to all Authorized Institutions (AIs). Different categories of AIs (Category 1, Category 2, Category 2A) are subject to specific liquidity ratios (LCR, LMR, NSFR, CFR) based on their designation.

Recommended management actions (3-7 actionable bullets):

  • Review and understand the updated guidance on cryptoasset treatments and their impact on liquidity ratios.
  • Verify that all assets classified as "free from encumbrances" meet the revised definitions and requirements under LCR, LMR, and NSFR.
  • Assess the eligibility and seek MA approval for any RMBS intended to be included in HQLA or liquefiable assets, adhering to the stringent criteria.
  • Ensure internal liquidity risk management policies and systems are updated to reflect the changes in ratio calculations and reporting obligations.
  • Confirm that all notification procedures for liquidity events are aligned with the latest requirements.
  • Review and adjust internal liquidity targets to maintain an adequate buffer above the revised regulatory minimums.
Detailed Summary
  1. Document overview (nature, purpose, scope)
    This document, LM-1 "Regulatory Framework for Supervision of Liquidity Risk" Version 5, is a statutory guideline issued by the Monetary Authority (MA) under Section 7(3) of the Banking Ordinance. Its purpose is to provide Authorized Institutions (AIs) with guidance on the application of the Banking (Liquidity) Rules (BLR) and to outline the MA's approach to supervising their liquidity risk. The scope covers all AIs and details the regulatory requirements, supervisory approach, and specific guidance on statutory liquidity ratios. It supersedes LM-1 V.4 (dated 13.12.2024).
  1. Main requirements (group by topic; state what must be done)
  • Liquidity Risk Management: AIs must manage liquidity risk to avoid inability to meet obligations without unacceptable losses. This includes maintaining adequate liquidity and implementing sound systems and controls. Compliance with this module, the BLR, and other relevant supervisory documents is mandatory.
  • Statutory Liquidity Requirements:
  • Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR): Category 1 institutions must maintain an LCR of High-Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA) to total net cash outflows. Minimum LCR levels increased incrementally from 60% in 2015 to 100% from 2019 onwards.
  • Liquidity Maintenance Ratio (LMR): Category 2 institutions must maintain an LMR of liquefiable assets to qualifying liabilities (after deductions) of not less than 25% on average each calendar month.
  • Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR): Category 1 institutions must maintain an NSFR of available stable funding (ASF) to required stable funding (RSF) of not less than 100% at all times, unless self-rectification provisions apply.
  • Core Funding Ratio (CFR): Category 2A institutions must maintain a CFR of available core funding (ACF) to required core funding (RCF). Minimums are 50% on average monthly from 2018 and 75% on average monthly from 1 January 2019.
  • Implementation Bases: Statutory liquidity ratios must be calculated on a Hong Kong office basis. Locally incorporated AIs with overseas branches must also calculate ratios on an unconsolidated basis (all Hong Kong and overseas business), unless approved for exclusion. Consolidated basis calculation may be required for locally incorporated AIs with associated entities, especially if deemed internationally active. Special tailored bases may also be required in exceptional circumstances.
  • Notification of Liquidity Events: AIs have obligations to notify the MA of anticipated changes that could lead to a failure to meet liquidity requirements. Immediate notification is required for specified "relevant liquidity events," including failures to meet ratio requirements, actions involving HQLA monetization, and non-compliance with NSFR or CFR minimums.
  • Supervisory Responses: The MA may issue notices requiring remedial action for contraventions of the BLR, potentially leading to more serious measures to maintain banking system stability and protect depositors.
  • Internal Targets and Limits: AIs must set internal targets for liquidity ratios with a sufficient buffer above regulatory minimums. These targets must be reviewed and approved by the board at least annually.
  1. Key changes (vs previous requirements)
  • Cryptoasset Treatment: New comprehensive guidance on recognizing cryptoassets under LCR and NSFR, including specific conditions for tokenized claims, stablecoins, and other cryptoassets.
  • Encumbrances: Updated detailed guidance on what constitutes "free from encumbrances" for assets under LCR, LMR, and NSFR, with specific ordering for encumbrance of pools of assets.
  • RMBS Recognition: Stricter criteria and mandatory MA approval process for recognizing RMBS as Level 2B assets (LCR) or liquefiable assets (LMR), including specific eligibility and performance requirements.
  • Consolidation Scope: Clarification on how consolidation for liquidity purposes may differ from capital adequacy, particularly for associated entities like securities or insurance companies.
  1. Important dates & transition
  • LCR: Minimum levels phased in from 60% in 2015 to 100% by 2019.
  • NSFR: Came into operation from 1 January 2018.
  • CFR: 50% minimum from 2018, 75% minimum from 1 January 2019.
  • Document Effective Date: Version 5 is dated 19.12.2025.
  1. Applicability & impact scope
    This module applies to all Authorized Institutions (AIs). Specific requirements differ based on AI designation:
  • Category 1 Institutions: Subject to LCR and NSFR.
  • Category 2 Institutions: Subject to LMR.
  • Category 2A Institutions: Subject to CFR.
    The changes, particularly regarding cryptoassets and RMBS, will impact AIs holding or considering holding such assets and those calculating ratios on consolidated bases.
  1. Compliance action checklist (practical steps)
  • Review Document: Thoroughly read LM-1 V.5 and understand all updated requirements.
  • Assess Cryptoasset Holdings: Evaluate current and potential cryptoasset exposures against the new recognition criteria for HQLA, LCR outflows/inflows, and NSFR ASF/RSF.
  • Verify Asset Encumbrances: Review all assets classified as HQLA or liquefiable assets to ensure they meet the updated definitions of being "free from encumbrances."
  • RMBS Review: If holding RMBS, assess their compliance with new qualifying criteria and prepare for MA approval if intended for HQLA/liquefiable asset status.
  • Consolidation Scope Confirmation: For AIs subject to consolidated calculations, confirm the scope of associated entities included and update reporting accordingly.
  • Internal Limits and Buffers: Review and adjust internal liquidity ratio targets and ensure sufficient buffer above the statutory minimums, considering historical trends.
  • Reporting Systems Update: Ensure data collection and reporting systems are capable of accurately reflecting the new requirements, especially for cryptoassets and RMBS.
  • Notification Procedures: Confirm that internal procedures for notifying the MA of liquidity events are up-to-date and clearly understood by relevant personnel.
  1. Appendices/attachments summary (if any; 1-3 sentences each; total <=20%)
  • Annex 1: Assets regarded as “free from encumbrances”: This annex clarifies what constitutes an asset "free from encumbrances" for LCR, LMR, and NSFR calculations. It details conditions for pledged assets, pre-positioned assets, and hedging arrangements, and provides an encumbrance order for asset pools.
  • Annex 2: Treatment of RMBS: This annex outlines the strict criteria for recognizing Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) as Level 2B assets under LCR and liquefiable assets under LMR, requiring explicit MA approval and demonstrating specific issuer, market, and performance characteristics.
  • Annex 3: Guidance on treatments of cryptoasset exposures: This annex provides detailed guidance on how cryptoasset exposures are treated under LCR and NSFR, outlining conditions for recognition as HQLA and the calibration of cash flow and stable funding requirements based on the nature of the cryptoasset (tokenized claims, stablecoins, etc.).
中文摘要 (4926 chars)
快速切換摘要區塊
管理層摘要

目的/背景:
本文件提供了關於香港金融管理局(HKMA)對認可機構(AIs)在流動性風險監管方面的框架指引。其目的是確保機構具備足夠的流動性以應對到期債務,並維護整體銀行體系的穩定。

一句話結論(文件要你做什麼/改了什麼):
本文件(V.5)更新了HKMA對認可機構流動性風險的監管框架,主要涵蓋了監管要求的更新、適用範圍的界定以及對特定資產(如加密資產)和風險情況的處理指引。

關鍵變更(3-8 點):

  • 引入並明確了加密資產在LCR、LMR、NSFR和CFR中的處理方法,特別是對於符合特定標準的代幣化資產。
  • 詳細闡述了資產「不受押」的要求,並對不同類型的抵押資產設定了優先順序。
  • 就認可機構如何處理RMBS(住宅抵押貸款支持證券)作為HQLA或可變現資產提供了詳細的審批標準和要求。
  • 更新了關於流動性事件的通知義務和HKMA的監管回應機制。
  • 強調了機構內部流動性目標設定的重要性,需經董事會批准並定期審查。
  • 更新了與流動性風險管理相關的披露標準。

重要日期 / 截止日:

  • 文件版本 V.5 的生效日期為 2025 年 12 月 19 日。
  • 文件引用了 LCR(2015 年 1 月 1 日生效)和 NSFR(2018 年 1 月 1 日生效)的國際標準實施時間表。
  • CFR 的最低要求有階段性提高(2018 年為 50%,2019 年 1 月 1 日起為 75%)。

適用對象 / 影響範圍:

  • 適用於所有認可機構(AIs)。
  • 特別針對第一類機構(Category 1 Institutions)和第二類機構(Category 2 Institutions),以及被指定為第二類A機構(Category 2A Institutions)。

管理層建議行動(3-7 點,務必可執行):

  1. 審閱並理解更新內容: 確保所有負責流動性風險管理、合規及報告的團隊成員充分理解本文件V.5的所有變更,特別是關於加密資產、不受押資產和RMBS的新指引。
  2. 評估加密資產影響: 對現有或計劃持有的加密資產進行影響評估,確保其在流動性比率計算中的處理符合文件最新要求,並建立必要的合規程序。
  3. 檢視資產抵押政策: 重新評估機構的資產抵押政策,確保其與文件對“不受押”資產的定義和優先順序要求一致,特別是在獲取流動性設施時。
  4. 加強RMBS管理: 如持有RMBS,需確保其符合文件所述的嚴格審批標準,並建立相應的申請和監控機制。
  5. 更新內部目標與政策: 根據最新監管要求,檢討並更新機構的內部流動性目標,確保其包含足夠緩衝,並按要求提交董事會審批。
  6. 檢查披露與報告流程: 確保機構的流動性披露和定期報告(如MA(BS)1E, MA(BS)26)已納入本文件 V.5 的所有更新要求。
詳細摘要
  1. 文檔概述(性質、目的、適用範圍)
  • 性質: 本文件是香港金融管理局(HKMA)發布的監管政策手冊(SPM)中的模塊LM-1,作為一份法定指引,由金管局根據《銀行條例》§7(3) 發布。
  • 目的: 為認可機構(AIs)提供關於流動性風險監管框架的指引,重點闡述金管局對AI流動性風險的監管方法、法定流動性要求、以及相關的通知義務和監管回應。
  • 適用範圍: 本文件適用於所有認可機構(AIs)。
  1. 主要要求(按主題分組,說清楚「要做什麼」)
  • 流動性風險監管方法:
  • 核心目標是增強機構對流動性風險的抵禦能力,並維護整體銀行體系穩定。
  • 機構須保持充足的流動性,遵守適用的法定流動性比率最低要求。
  • 須建立健全的流動性風險管理系統與控制。
  • 金管局採用風險為本的監管方法,通過場外審閱、現場檢查和審慎會議等方式進行監察。
  • 法定流動性要求:
  • 流動性覆蓋比率 (LCR):
  • 適用於第一類機構。
  • 定義為高品質流動資產(HQLA)總加權金額與總淨現金流出總加權金額在30天內的比例。
  • 最低要求: 2015年60%,2016年70%,2017年80%,2018年90%,2019年起100%。
  • 在重大財務壓力下動用HQLA以滿足義務的情況除外。
  • 流動性維持比率 (LMR):
  • 適用於第二類機構。
  • 定義為可變現資產金額與合格負債(扣除後)金額的比例(月度)。
  • 最低要求: 平均每月不低於25%。
  • 淨穩定資金比率 (NSFR):
  • 適用於第一類機構。
  • 定義為可用穩定資金(ASF)金額與所需穩定資金(RSF)金額的比例。
  • 最低要求: 任何時候均不低於100%(除非適用自我糾正條款)。
  • 核心資金比率 (CFR):
  • 適用於第二類A機構。
  • 定義為可用核心資金(ACF)金額與所需核心資金(RCF)金額的比例。
  • 最低要求: 2018年平均每月不低於50%;2019年1月1日起,平均每月不低於75%。
  • 流動性比率的實施基礎:
  • 所有機構必須按「香港辦事處基礎」(涵蓋所有在港業務)計算適用的流動性比率。
  • 在港註冊設有海外分支的機構,須額外按「非合併基礎」(涵蓋香港及海外業務)計算。
  • 金管局可要求本地註冊機構按「合併基礎」(涵蓋相關聯實體)計算。
  • 金管局亦可要求按「特別定制基礎」計算,以反映機構的流動性風險狀況。
  • 流動性事件通知與監管回應:
  • 機構有義務就其流動性狀況的預期變化(可能導致未能維持法定比率)及實際發生的「相關流動性事件」通知金管局。
  • 相關流動性事件包括: 未能維持LCR/NSFR/LMR/CFR最低要求、動用HQLA達到一定程度、違反監管要求等。
  • 金管局可就違規事件發出通知,要求機構採取補救措施。
  • 內部目標與限額:
  • 機構應設定內部流動性比率目標,並設有足夠緩衝。
  • 內部目標須經董事會(或其委員會)批准,並定期(至少每年一次)審查。
  1. 關鍵變更(對比既有要求/舊政策)
  • 加密資產處理: 文件 V.5 首次詳細提供了加密資產在 LCR、LMR、NSFR 和 CFR 中的處理指引,包括特定類型的代幣化資產的認可標準和現金流計算。
  • 資產不受押要求: 擴展了「不受押」(free from encumbrances)資產的定義和闡述,並針對不同類型的抵押安排(如證券融資交易)規定了具體處理方式,包括為LCR/LMR設定了資產變現的優先順序。
  • RMBS處理: 對 RMBS 作為 HQLA 或可變現資產的認可,引入了嚴格的申請和審批流程,涵蓋了發行主體、評級、市場流動性、抵押物結構及回溯測試等多個標準。
  • 報告義務更新: 規範了因未能維持 NSFR 而觸發的通知義務(Rule 8C)。
  • 其他更新: 可能涉及對原有特定條款(如Rule 37)的細節補充或澄清,以及更新相關參考文件(如Code of Practice)。
  1. 重要日期與過渡安排(含實施/生效/截止)
  • 文件生效日期: LM-1 V.5 - 2025 年 12 月 19 日。
  • LCR: 於2015年1月1日生效,最低要求逐步提升至100%。
  • NSFR: 於2018年1月1日生效,要求維持100%。
  • CFR: 2018年為50%,2019年1月1日起為75%。
  • 文件提及的Annex 1、2、3等內容,其規定應自文件生效日期起適用。
  1. 影響範圍與適用對象
  • 影響範圍: 所有認可機構(AIs)均需遵守本文件所載的監管要求和指引。
  • 適用對象:
  • 第一類機構 (Category 1 Institutions): 主要適用 LCR 和 NSFR。
  • 第二類機構 (Category 2 Institutions): 主要適用 LMR。
  • 第二類A機構 (Category 2A Institutions): 主要適用 CFR。
  • 文件也涵蓋了對海外分支和關聯實體的流動性要求計算。
  1. 合規動作清單(可執行 checklist)
  • [ ] **風險評估與識別: ** 評估機構現有流動性風險狀況,識別與最新監管要求的差距。
  • [ ] **政策與程序更新: ** 更新機構的流動性風險管理政策、內部流動性目標及相關操作程序,特別是針對加密資產、RMBS 及資產抵押的處理。
  • [ ] **數據收集與計算: ** 確保數據收集系統能支持 LCR、LMR、NSFR、CFR 的準確計算,並納入對加密資產、不受押資產等新要求。
  • [ ] **報告與披露: ** 確保定期向 HKMA 提交的流動性報告(MA(BS)1E, MA(BS)26 等)符合最新格式和內容要求;更新公開披露的流動性資訊。
  • [ ] **系統與控制測試: ** 測試確保與流動性風險相關的內部控制和 IT 系統能有效執行新規定。
  • [ ] **人員培訓: ** 對相關部門(風險、合規、財務、IT)員工進行新指引的培訓。
  • [ ] **與 HKMA 溝通: ** 如有疑問或需要就特定資產(如 RMBS)的處理尋求批准,及時與 HKMA 溝通。
  • [ ] **董事會審議: ** 確保機構內部流動性目標更新後,提交董事會(或委員會)審議和批准。
  • [ ] **應對流動性事件: ** 審閱並確保機構的流動性事件通知機制和應對計劃符合要求。
  1. 附件/附錄摘要(如有;每個 1-3 句;總量 <=20%)
  • Annex 1: Assets regarded as “free from encumbrances” under LCR, LMR and NSFR
  • 此附錄詳細解釋了在 LCR、LMR 和 NSFR 下,「不受押」資產的定義及處理原則。
  • 它規範了如何處理已質押或用於特定目的的資產,並為動用流動性設施時的資產抵押順序設定了指引。
  • Annex 2: Treatment of RMBS under LCR, LMR and NSFR
  • 此附錄列出了 RMBS 被視為 LCR 下的 HQLA 或 LMR 下的可變現資產的嚴格審批標準。
  • 機構需證明 RMBS 符合發行、評級、市場流動性、穩定性及抵押物結構等多項要求,並需獲得 HKMA 的批准。
  • Annex 3: Guidance on treatments of cryptoasset exposures under LCR, LMR, NSFR and CFR
  • 此附錄提供了加密資產曝險在 LCR、LMR、NSFR 和 CFR 下的處理指引。
  • 它區分了代幣化聲索、穩定幣及其他加密資產,並設定了相應的認可標準、現金流計算及資金穩定性要求。